Biography of Cicero, Roman Statesman and Orator

Cicero (January 3, 106 BCE–December 7, 42 BCE) was a Roman statesman, writer, and orator renowned among the great speakers and prose writers at the end of the Roman republic. His hundreds of surviving letters discovered over 1,400 years after his death made him one of the best-known individuals in ancient history.   Fast Facts: Cicero Full Name: Marcus Tullius CiceroKnown For: Roman orator and statesmanBorn: January 3, 106 BCE in Arpinum, ItalyParents: Marcus Tullius  Cicero II and his wife HelviaDied: December 7, 42 BCE in FormiaeEducation: Tutored by the leading philosophers of the day in rhetoric, oratory, and lawPublished Works: 58 speeches, 1,000 pages of philosophy and rhetoric, more than 800 lettersSpouses: Terentia (m. 76–46 BCE), Publilia (m. 46 BCE)  Children: Tuillia (died 46 BCE) and Marcus (65 BCE—after 31 CE)Notable Quote: The wise are instructed by reason, average minds by experience, the stupid by necessity and the brute by instinct. Early Life Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on January 3, 106 BCE at the family residence near Arpinum. He was the third of that name, the eldest son of Marcus Tullius  Cicero (died in 64 BCE) and his wife Helvia. Their family name is derived from the Latin for chickpeas (Cicer), and was pronounced Siseroh or, in classical Latin, Kikeroh.   Education   Cicero received one of the best educations available in the Roman republic, spending time with many of the best Greek philosophers available. His father was quite ambitious for him and at an early age, he took Cicero and his brother Quintus to Rome, where they were tutored by (among others) the celebrated Greek poet and grammarian Aulus Licinius Archias of Antioch (121–61 BCE).   After Cicero assumed the toga virilis (the Roman toga of manhood), he began studying the law with the Roman jurist Quintus Mucius Scaevola Augur (159–88 BCE). In 89 BCE, he served in the Social Wars (91–88 BCE), his only military campaign, and that was likely where he met Pompey (106–48 BCE). During the Roman dictator Sullas (138–76 BCE) first civil war (88–87 BCE), Cicero supported neither side, returning to his studies with Greek philosophers from the Epicurean (Phaedrus), Platonic (Philo of Larissa), and Stoic (Diodotus) schools, as well as the Greek rhetorician Apollonius Molon (Molo) of Rhodes.   First Speeches Ciceros first profession was as a pleader, a person who drafts pleadings and defends clients in a court of law. His earliest surviving speeches were written during this period, and in 80 BCE, one of those put him in trouble with Sulla, who was dictator of Rome (ruled 82–79 BCE).   Sextus Roscius of Amerina was murdered by his neighbors and kinsmen. After he was dead, the freedman (and friend of Sulla) Chrysogonus arranged to have Roscius name placed on the list of proscribed outlaws—condemned to death. If he was condemned to death when they killed him, that meant that the murderers were off the hook for his murder. It also meant that his goods were forfeit to the state. Sextius son was disinherited, and Chrysogonus arranged to prosecute him for the murder of his own father. Cicero successfully defended the son. Travel Abroad, Marriage, and Family In 79 BCE, Cicero went to Athens to avoid Sullas displeasure, where he completed his education, studying philosophy with Antiochus of Ascalon and rhetoric with Demetrius Syrus. There he met Titus Pomponius Atticus, who would be a close friend for life (and eventually receive over 500 of Ciceros surviving letters). After staying in Athens for six months, Cicero traveled to Asia Minor to study again with Molo. At the age of 27, Cicero married Terentia (98 BCE–4 CE), with whom he would have two children: Tullia (78–46 BCE) and Marcus or Cicero Minor (65–after 31 BCE).  He divorced her about 46 BCE, and married his young ward, Publilia, but that didnt last long—Cicero didnt think that Publilia was upset enough over the loss of his daughter.   A Political Life Cicero returned to Rome from Athens in 77 BCE, and quickly rose in the ranks and made an orator in the forum. In 75 BCE he was sent to Sicily as a quaestor, returning to Rome again in 74 BCE. In 69 BCE he was made a praetor and, in that role, sent Pompey to the command of the Mithridatic war. But in 63 BCE, a plot against Rome was discovered—the Catiline Conspiracy.   Lucius Sergius Catilina (108–62 BCE) was a patrician, who had a few political setbacks and worked his bitterness into an uprising against the ruling oligarchy in Rome, dragging along other discontents in the Senate and out of it. His primary political goal was a radical program of debt relief, but he threatened one of his opponents in an election in 54 BCE. Cicero, who was consul, read four inflammatory speeches against Catiline, considered to be among his best rhetorical speeches. Cicero Denouncing Catiline, engraved by B. Barloccini, 1849. After C.C Perkins / Getty Images When, O Catiline, do you mean to cease abusing our patience? How long is that madness of yours still to mock us? When is there to be an end of that unbridled audacity of yours, swaggering about as it does now? ...You ought, O Catiline, long ago to have been led to execution by command of the consul. That destruction which you have been long plotting against us ought to have already fallen on your own head. Several of the conspirators were captured and killed without trial. Catiline fled and was killed in battle. The impacts to Cicero were mixed. He was addressed in the Senate as father of his country, and there were suitable thanksgivings sent to the gods, but he made implacable enemies.   The First Triumvirate Around 60 BCE, Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus combined forces to form what Roman scholars call The First Triumvirate, a type of coalition government. Cicero might have formed a fourth, except that one of his enemies from the Catiline Conspiracy, Clodius, was made tribune and created a new law: anyone who had been found to put a Roman citizen to death without proper trial should himself be put to death. Caesar offered his support, but Cicero turned him down and instead left Rome to take up residence in Thessalonica in Macedonia. From there, he wrote despairing letters back to Rome, and his friends eventually obtained his recall in September of 57 BCE. He was compelled to support the triumvirate, but he wasnt happy about it and was sent to be the governor of Cilicia. He returned to Rome and had barely arrived on January 4, 49 BCE, when a civil war between Pompey and Caesar broke out. He threw in with Pompey, despite Caesars overtures, and after Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalia, he returned to his home in Brundisium. He was pardoned by Caesar but mostly retired from public life. Death Although unaware of the plot against Julius Caesar that ended in his assassination, Cicero, ever conscious of the republic, would have approved. After Caesar died Cicero made himself the head of the republican party and spoke vehemently against Caesars assassin, Marc Anthony. It was a choice that led to his end, because when the new triumvirate was established between Anthony, Octavian, and Lepidus, Cicero was placed on the list of proscribed outlaws.   He fled to his villa in Formiae, where he was captured and killed on December 7th, 42 BCE. His head and hands were cut off and sent to Rome, where they were nailed to the Rostra.   Legacy   Cicero was renowned for his oratorical skills, rather than his spotty statesmanship. He was a poor judge of character and used his ample gifts to get rid of his enemies, but in the toxic environment of the waning Roman republic, it also brought about his end.   Gaius Laelius Sapiens, Atticus, Scipio Africanus and Cato the Elder. Miniature from De Senectute (On Old Age), by Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero), 1470. Musee Conde, Chantilly, France. Leemage / Getty Images Plus In 1345, the Italian scholar Francesco Petrarca (1304–1374 and known as Petrarch) rediscovered Ciceros letters in the Cathedral Library of Verona. The 800  letters contained a wealth of detail about the end of the republican period of Rome and cemented the importance of Cicero.   Sources and Further Reading Cicero, M. Tullius. Against Catiline. Trans, Yonge, C.D. and B. A. London. The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero. Covent Garden: Henry G. Bohn, 1856.Kinsey, T. E. Ciceros Case against Magnus Capito and Chrysogonus in the Pro Sex. Roscio Amerino and Its Use for the Historian LAntiquità © Classique 49 (1971):173–190.  Petersson, Torsten. Cicero: A Biography. Biblo and Tannen, 1963.Phillips, E. J. Catilines Conspiracy. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 25.4 (1976): 441–48.  Smith, William, and G.E. Marindon, eds. A Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology, and Geography. London: John Murray, 1904.  Stockton, David L. Cicero: A Political Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Factors Of American Imperialism - 916 Words

American Imperialism was a huge goal in the 1850’s. Many main powers like Great Britain, France, and Spain were already very powerful global competitors and America saw that as the key for them to expand and establish more colonies in different countries. By having oversea power, America would equal out to the other countries power. There were three main factors that fueled American Imperialism. The desire for military strength in order to have a more profound military presence in other countries was a huge deal. Also, thirst for new markets because of the overproduction of goods was a problem. The belief in cultural superiority was an idea that mostly surrounded around the need of justification to expand. Without these motivating†¦show more content†¦This was a huge step for our Military power because of the assertiveness and fact that we could use one of our imperialist powers to our advantage (Document G). Another motivating factor was the thirst for new markets. The main problem was that American industries produced more goods than we could consume so we sought out other countries in order to get rid of the surplus of goods. We also needed more natural resources to make products. Foreign expansion was seen as the solution to economic depression and trade. The acquiring of many countries occurred because of the need for the new markets. In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia because of its mass amount of gold and even ended up selling each acre for two penny for a profit. Another country that America wanted to acquire was Hawaii. Sugar plantations were the main attraction at the point. By annexing Hawaii, white planters would profit from close ties to the US and were able to import sugar to the US tax free. This was a win for American Imperialism because the country had more places to sell goods and get natural resources from and eventually got a profit from the use of native sugar plantations. Secretary of State John Hay created The Open Door Notes in 1899 as another way to keep the markets going and the trading process while using imperialist power. TheseShow MoreRelatedMilitary Strategic Interest as an Imporatant Factor in American Imperialism525 Words   |  3 PagesThe most important factor in America imperialisms from 1865 to 1914 was military-strategic interest. This is the most important factor because during this time period the United States acquired the Pacific islands of Midway, which served as an important stopping place for American ships e route to China, and American merchants. Also American gained territories after the Spanish-American war. Another thing was the creation of the Panama Canal which helped America. The final thing is the foreign policiesRead MoreImperialism Essay771 Words   |  4 PagesImperialism could be considered as a defining characteristic of America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 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This position has, of course, proven to be heavily misguided, and the damaging effects of colonialism are still being felt today in the GlobalRead MoreCause and Effect on World War 1 Essay743 Words   |  3 Pageswar was between the world’s greatest powers as two opposing sides; the Central Powers and the Allies. It was a chain of events that had started this was which consist of key features such as imperialism, alliances, growth of militarism, crisis, and nationalism. It was the result of these accumulating factors that had eventually evoked war. The effects on World War One included over 8 million deaths, higher taxes, rationing of food, and etc. Imperialist is considered a primary cause of war. With

The Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln - 1203 Words

Abraham Lincoln was president during the 1860 s .Some states in our country argued over slavery. The northern states fought the southern states in the Civil War. When the Civil ended ,Abraham Lincoln was killed he had kept the United States together as one nation. After Abraham Lincoln died ,people wanted a memorial for him. It took almost 50 years before it was built. It was decided that the memorial should look like a temple from Greece. It was also decided that there would be a statue of s Abraham Lincoln inside of the memorial. The Lincoln Memorial is an American National Monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States ,Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the Western End of the National Mall in Washington D.C. Across from the Washington Monument . The cornerstone for the Lincoln was laid o n February 15, 1915 . It would take seven more to finish the building . The Lincoln Memorial is a symbol of the union between all 50 states. It stands for the freedom we enjoy as Americans . It reminds us that we must together to keep our freedom . Henry Bacon designed The Lincoln Memorial to look like Ancient Greek temples. The Lincoln Memorial is 190 feet long,119 feet wide,and almost 100 feet high. The Lincoln Memorial is surrounded by a peristyle of 36 fluted Dorie columns, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Abraham Lincoln s death. The north and south side chambers contain carved inscriptions of Abraham Lincoln sShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1958 Words   |  8 PagesLeadership and Legacy: Background Research Paper Abraham Lincoln By:Audrey Knight Introduction Great leader and main topic Abraham Lincoln lived in the 1800’s where he accomplished many things in his 54 years of life. He lived in the U.S. through several major events in history and left a legacy that will never be forgotten. 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Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models

Question: Discuss about the Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Answer: Data analysis using regression The data analysis has been a comprehensive way for performing the analysis using the linear as well as the nonlinear regression and the multilevel models. (Gelman et al., 2006). This is able to instruct the reader to fit in the R software implementation with properly working on the causal inference, with the regression post stratification, matching, regression discontinuity and the other instrumental variables. (Guo et al., 2015). This helps in analyzing the multilevel logistic regression and the missing data imputation that has been set to put and built the fitting to properly provide the understanding of the throughput. (Kabacoff, 2015). The data analysis is accessible through illustrating the graphical displays which appears to adorn to the shelves to the applied statisticians and the social scientists. For this, the focus has been on the Bayesian Data Analysis which gets into the serious modelling for setting the problem which leads to the common knowledge and static modelling. ( Harell, 2015). For the statistical modelling, there have been relationships which include the modeling as well the analysis of the variables that have been set for the dependent and the independent variables. (Montgomery et al., 2015). Compare Chen-Zhang(2010) model with Fama-French Three factor model The Chen-Zhang Three Tier Model has been mainly the market factor, with the investments and the return-on-assets which is able to work on the cross-sectional area variation with the expected stock returns. (Ott et al., 2015). There have been outperformance traditional asset pricing models to properly explain the associated short term returns with the financial distress and the net stock issues. The performance of the model is based on expected return estimates that have been in the practice. (Newcomer et al., 2015). There have been positive relations of the average returns with the short term prior returns and the earning with the negative relations to handle the financial distress. The motivation is based on handling the market sensitivity along with market excess return where there have been difference in the return on the high investment of the stocks and the difference on the portfolio stocks with the higher returns. (Chatterijee et al., 2015). Where these values are for the expected returns and for the factor loadings from the regression portfolio. There are different issues which relate to the net stock, growth of the assets, earnings which are related to the outperformance of the model. (Faraway, 2016). The traditional asset pricing models is based on capturing the effects by a larger margin. Fama-French Three Factor model is designed for the description of the stock returns with the focus on the size of the company, price to book ratio as well as the marketing risk structure. (Fox, 2015). The tradition assets of the pricing model are important for properly handling the portfolio or the stocks of the market. (Martina et al., 2015). This is mainly to handle the small caps and the stocks which has a lower price to the booking ratio with the focus on the portfolio management. (Welten et al., 2016). The reflection has been set on focusing over: Here the r is the portfolio that has an expected rate of return with the Rf mainly for the risk free return rate and Km for the return of market portfolio. (Buck et al., 2016). There have been small market stands to handle the HML High minus Low for measuring the historic excess returns of the small caps. (Nakamura et al., 2015). The factors are related to the BIM ranking and the cap ranking to access the determined linear regressions and can hold the negative and positive values of the system. The diversified portfolio return is to take hold of the book-to-market ratio and the related ratio which examine the size of the returns. (Maniatis, 2016). R Code czm { temp1 temp2 inputXwithTime averageInputX averageY1 averageY2 modWithTime diagXX offdiagXX VecOffdiagXX averageY3 averageY4 Tn1 Tn2 VCZ rej2 if (VCZ qnorm(1 - signiLevel, 0, 1)) {rej2 return(list(NewStat = VCZ, New = rej2)) } temp1 temp2 Z inputX results fftfm { temp1 temp2 inputXwithTime averageInputX averageY1-(sum(inputXwithTime) - averageInputX*temp1)/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)) averageY2-(sum(inputXwithTime^2) - sum(diag(inputXwithTime^2)))/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)) modWithTime diagXX offdiagXX VecOffdiagXX averageY3-(sum(modWithTime)-sum(diag(modWithTime))-2*sum(diagXX*VecOffdiagXX))/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)) averageY4-((temp1*(temp1 - 1)*averageY1)^2 - 2*temp1*(temp1 - 1)*averageY2 - 4*temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)*averageY3)/(temp1*(temp1 - 1)*(temp1 - 2)*(temp1 - 3)) Tn1 Tn2 UCZ rej2 if (UCZqnorm(1 - signiLevel, 0, 1)) {rej2 return(list(NewStat=UCZ, New=rej2)) } temp1 temp2 Z inputX results References Gelman, A., Hill, J. (2006).Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge University Press. Kabacoff, R. (2015).R in action: data analysis and graphics with R. Manning Publications Co.. Harrell, F. (2015).Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Springer. Montgomery, D. C., Peck, E. A., Vining, G. G. (2015).Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Ott, R. L., Longnecker, M. T. (2015).An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Newcomer, K. E., Hatry, H. P., Wholey, J. S. (2015).Handbook of practical program evaluation. John Wiley Sons. Chatterjee, S., Hadi, A. S. (2015).Regression analysis by example. John Wiley Sons. Gelman, A. (2015). Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models, version 1.8-4, 2015. Faraway, J. J. (2016).Extending the linear model with R: generalized linear, mixed effects and nonparametric regression models(Vol. 124). CRC press. Fox, J. (2015).Applied regression analysis and generalized linear models. Sage Publications. Welten, C. C., Koeter, M. W., Wohlfarth, T. D., Storosum, J. G., van den Brink, W., Gispen-de Wied, C. C., ... Denys, D. A. (2016). Does Insight Affect the Efficacy of Antipsychotics in Acute Mania?: An Individual Patient Data Regression Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical psychopharmacology,36(1), 71-76. Nakamura, R., Suhrcke, M., Jebb, S. A., Pechey, R., Almiron-Roig, E., Marteau, T. M. (2015). Price promotions on healthier compared with less healthy foods: a hierarchical regression analysis of the impact on sales and social patterning of responses to promotions in Great Britain.The American journal of clinical nutrition,101(4), 808-816. Maniatis, P. (2016). Factors affecting the long-term interest rate and its duration of the European Central Bank: an econometric analysis using regression with life data.International Journal of Applied Nonlinear Science,2(3), 153-183.] Martina, R., Kay, R., van Maanen, R., Ridder, A. (2015). The analysis of incontinence episodes and other count data in patients with overactive bladder by Poisson and negative binomial regression.Pharmaceutical statistics,14(2), 151-160. Guo, S., Fraser, M. W. (2015). Propensity score analysis.Statistical methods and applications,12. Buck, J. A., Underhill, P. R., Morelli, J., Krause, T. W. (2016, February). Analysis of pulsed eddy current data using regression models for steam generator tube support structure inspection. In42ND ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Incorporating the 6th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE(Vol. 1706, p. 090005). AIP Publishing.